Your detailed and thorough post due by Wednesday@MIDNIGHT for full credit (A). Partial credit (C) can be earned by posting late, which is better than a ZERO.
Remember, weekly blogging is worth 1/3 of your entire semester grade.
Be sure to communicate with Dr. W as needed - rob.williams@madriver.com.
Read and blog INTRODUCTION TO GLOBAL STUDIES, Chapters 8-9.
2) EVIDENCE: Post and number THREE specific observations from EACH CHAPTER of our reading(s) that supports your thesis.
Use 2-3 sentences for each observation, and combine direct quotations from the text (AUTHOR's LAST NAME, 27), with IYOW analysis.
3) QUESTION: Include in your post a SINGLE SPECIFIC question you'd ask the class based on our readings.
1) THESIS:
ReplyDeleteChapter 8: Globalization’s effect on women has led to increased economic opportunities, but also increased exposure to infectious diseases and dangerous living conditions.
Chapter 9: Communication technologies like the Internet present incredible opportunities for transfer of ideas and information, but also includes issues of access to information either by wealth or intentionally by countries or groups.
2) EVIDENCE:
Chapter 8:
Poverty has significantly decreased in the last three decades, but continues to still be an issue for millions of people in the world. Poverty also affects men and women differently. For example, women tend to be more affected by poverty than men because of the nature of their tasks in under-developed countries. This includes higher risk to diseases and “involvement in survival sex” (Campbell, 217). Women are also the first to lose their jobs in times of economic decline, so they see the first impacts of poverty.
The UN is one of the largest organizations to promote gender equality, both within its organization and in the countries it works with (Campbell, 223). With the UN Conferences on Women since 1975, many countries have shown their commitment to resolving issues which really affect only females (Campbell, 226).
With developing cultures comes more opportunity for women to work and provide for their families and themselves. Historically, women moved around the world to reunite with their husbands who had moved to find work. Today, women are moving around the world to find work themselves, but there are still issues of indecent and dangerous working conditions for these jobs (Campbell, 229).
Chapter 9:
The internet continues to affect and increase development for much of the world (Campbell, 264). It facilitates communication among people around the world, which in turn allows for the spread of cultural ideas and history (Campbell, 272).
Similar to how the economic wealth gap continues to increase from the poorest to the richest around the world, the “digital divide” represents the gap between areas with the highest rates of internet use and the lowest rates. This is often affected by race, education level, and gender ((Campbell, 272-3).
In a world of attack threats and hate speech, internet censorship and surveillance is growing in many countries. Some countries prevent political opposition speech from being available on their internet, while others filter out dangerous material on school networks to protect children. That said, the internet is a powerful tool that many countries and groups seek to monitor and regulate (Campbell, 274-275).
3) QUESTION: How has the internet facilitated economic and human rights developments for women around the world?
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteChapter 8
ReplyDeleteDefining gender, poverty and development across cultures.
“Across cultures, masculinity and femininity are defined in opposition to each other. Characteristics that are defined as mascline tend to be highly valued in societies, while characteristics deemed feminie are often denigrated.”(Campbell, 216)
“ In many cultures, human characteristics like strength, courage, independence, stoicism, confidence, and leadership are associated with masculinity, while weakness, timidity, dependence, emotionalism, and insecurity are associated with with femininity.”(Campbell, 216) It’s not fair that after many years this is still something that we talk about and label. Making labels and judgments is basically enguilty.
“Living in poverty, by 2005, the number had dropped to 1.4 billion or 26 percent of the world’s population.”(Campbell, 217) The UN definition of poverty is describing the low income and consumption but also hunger malnutrition, lack of education, poor health and lack of access to clean water.
“In the mid-1990s, some 66.3 percent of unemployment in eastern Germany were women, in Poland it was 54-58 percent, in Romina 60 percent, and in Russia 68 percent( down from a high of 72-80 percent in the early 1990s) In the Czech Republic, 13.2 percent of women were unemployed , compared with 2.2 percent of men.” (Campbell, 218)
Do you think these labels for women still exist today, if so in what
Thesis:
ReplyDeleteChapter 8:
Globalization and gender have some issues specifically in labor, migration, human security, human rights, education, training, and health, that are in the process of formulating policies for the non-state and state so that all of society can be benefitted.
Chapter 9:
ICTs have accelerated the process of sharing information and helping learn the only issue is that it digitally divides countries globally.
Evidence:
Chapter 8:
“Understanding the conscious and unconscious ways that power operates through gendered hierarchies allows us to create better policies and to develop a more nuanced understanding of the processes of globalization” (Campbell 216). Having this open-mindedness allows for equal opportunities globally.
Human trafficking is a huge issue for women and girls. They are falsely promised work in another country and instead abused. “Typically, women and children from poor countries are trafficked to wealthier countries and placed in cities” (Campbell 231).
“Nowhere in the world do women and girls enjoy the same level of rights protections as their male counterparts” (Campbell 234). Humans that do not fit into the ‘norm’ are less likely to land a job amongst others with the same qualification. Women should be treated just as equal to everyone else. There should be no superior.
Chapter 9:
There are different views on ICTs, some positive and some negative. A positive look “argues that ITCs promote opportunities for shared information, borderless communication, and global commerce” (Campbell 282). This helps the citizens challenge oppressive local governments.
The issue is because most media is owned by Western corporations which leads to dominance against the less developed countries, they have no say. “Culture products and media outputs in lesser developed countries are forced to occupy a position of subordination, not only on the international scene but the local as well” (Campbell 282)
“Although cultural exports from developing countries do make it to Western countries, they often don’t make it into the mainstream Western media. They are often viewed primarily by people who share the same language and culture of those who produced the film, which does not constitute a true reciprocal flow” (Campbell 283). Western media is shared globally. Developing countries do not have an even or fair chance in developed countries.
Question:
How do you think we could close the gap of ITC equality globally?
Thesis)
ReplyDeleteChapter 8: gender is sometimes ignored in the process of globalization, and without taking it into account we can not create policies that benefit all members of society.
Chapter 9:technology has completely transformed how humans interact , however ICT’s need to be more accessible for everyone.
Evidence)
Chapter 8:
- there are many examples of failure to take into account gender throughout the chapter. One good example in relation to assumption of gender roles is the kenyan reforestation project that failed because they assumed the women of the village would water the trees.and in that case, “Failure to take into account gender-speciļ¬c roles and needs resulted in the project’s failure”(Campbell 221)
- another example at the failure to account for women in globalization is migrant workers. Women are beginning to pursue careers to support themselves and their families however, “Women are often limited to traditionally ‘female’ occupations, such as domestic work, work in the service sectors (waitressing, etc.), and sex work.”(Campbell 229). It is blatantly unfair to not offer women the same opportunities as men
- perhaps most horific is the trafficing of women and girls.even though we are constantly progressing forward as a society, human trafficking is still “one of the fastest growing areas of international criminal activity”(Campbell 231). And it disproportionately affects women over men.
Chapter 9:
- Campbell clearly states that “The web has also facilitated the development of a wide variety of social and political networks that differ in both form and function from their pre-digital counterparts.”(Campbell 266). Very clearly stating how technology has transformed how humans interact.
- “Although Internet use has been on the rise in many developing countries, there remains a ‘stark divide between countries with high rates of Internet use and those with less access to this technology.’”(Campbell 272). So technology has changed how we communicate and because of that we are inadvertently leaving people behind.
- we haven't just left developing countries behind though. We have also left the lover class behind. “society is creating parallel communications systems: one for those with income, education and – literally – connections, giving plentiful information at low cost and high speed; the other for those without connections, blocked by high barriers of time, cost and uncertainty and dependent on outdated information”(Campbell 272). This unfair distribution of information is unacceptable in our modern society.
Question)
How much of a disadvantage is it to not have reliable access to internet and communication technologies? Will access to the internet ever be a human right in the future?
Chapter 9
ReplyDeleteHistory of the internet world wide and the Information and Communication Technologies
“ICT is a broad umbrella term encompassing the technological infrastructure and products that facilitate the acquisition, storage, analysis, manipulation, and distribution of information. The past 20 years have seen the widespread adoption of the three dominant ICT technologies: the personal computer, cellphones and the internet.”(Campbell, 252)
The period in which we are living today is sometimes referred to as “the information age” A time characterized by the proliferation of information and the ability to transfer, share, and instantly assesses information that previously would have been difficult, if not impossible to find.”(Campbell, 254) It’s fascinating how technology has come very far along. As for me, it's nice that I get to communicate with family back in Iraq, without facetime and cellphones it could've been very difficult.
“Many people take it for granted that information can circle the globe almost instantaneously via electronic networks, which allow communication to transcend limitations of space and time.”(Campbell, 260) A world without the internet and the technology would be the same and as advanced today. We can make a change by just being on the internet and not moving a bit, that's how powerful technology is.
How has technology made our world better? In what ways, give examples.
Chapter 8 thesis:
ReplyDeleteThroughout human history, women have often taken the back seat when anything gets done in the world and have been fiercely taken advantage of in trades like human/sex trafficking and armed conflict, but organizations like GAD and the UN have sought to rectify this in recent years.
Chapter 8 evidence:
“Some societies relegate women to positions of unpaid labor, which prevents them from making the same types of economic choices that are available to the “rational man”. As a result, women spend much of their days performing non-income-generating tasks, such as fetching water, cooking, cleaning, and raising children. They participate in these types of activities not because they are rational decisions that are in their own economic best interests, but because of the values and expectations of their society and the limited opportunities available to them.” (Campbell, 219)
“During the UN Decade for Women, two international conferences were held in Copenhagen in 1980 and in Nairobi in 1985. These conferences brought together policy-makers, heads of states and their representatives, and officials from both NGOs and grassroots organizations, and produced governmental action plans, providing women around the world with a framework for demanding action from their governments.” (Campbell, 223-224).
“Women kidnapped for sex slavery often have their passports and/or identity papers stolen. They are then transferred to another country and forced to work as prostitutes. Many women are regularly beaten and abused, and HIV/AIDS contraction rates are high. Research has also found that more women participate in human trafficking than in other forms of crime. In some cases, former victims become the perpetrators of these crimes.” (Campbell, 231).
Chapter 8 question:
Should a country/society be considered advanced or even first world if it does not treat women the same as men? If not, where is the line?
Chapter 9 thesis:
ReplyDeleteWe live in the information age, overloaded with news, studies, fake news, social media, and the like, and it has created divides between countries but connected citizens of the world like they never have before.
Chapter 9 evidence:
In 1970, Alvin Toffler coined the term “future shock” to describe “the inability to keep up with the greatly accelerated rate of change in society and identified information overload, or the inability to absorb, manipulate, evaluate and retain information due to cognitive overstimulation”. (Campbell, 255). In my opinion this has caused the world to start to lose its sense of identity, because information is starting to replace people’s life experiences when they define themselves.
“The web has also facilitated the development of a wide variety of social and political networks that differ in both form and function from their pre-digital counterparts. Clay Shirky […] observes that human beings have always been social creatures, but new technologies have provided simple ways of creating groups, which has led to new groups, lots of new groups, and not just more groups but more kinds of groups. He argues that our communication tools have now become “flexible enough to match our social capabilities.” (Campbell, 266)
The internet can also be a place with widespread misinformation. “In some cases, such as when we are looking up biographical information about our favorite celebrity for our own amusement, the consequences of acquiring inaccurate information are slught. In other cases, they are far more dire. Do you want a person without a medical degree operating on your ailing parent? Do you want a contractor with no experience building your house? […] In short, critics fear that the “democratization” of information on the web has turned into a free-for-all, where any idea is considered as good as any other, and accuracy and authority are increasingly ignored.” (Campbell, 267)
Chapter 9 question:
Do you think the world would be happier and more stable without the internet, or has it been necessary for the world to adapt to how quickly we are growing as a civilization?
Chapter 8 Thesis:
ReplyDeleteWhen looking to globalize the world, often times gender is not taken into account when thinking about the affects of certain programs, especially in terms of labor and education.
Chapter 8 Evidence:
Poverty affects us all, but it affects men and women quite differently. According to the World Bank, which imposed "neoliberal" economic policies for specific countries looking to borrow money, lead to the increase of female poverty. This in turn led to many poverty related issues such as vulnerability to certain diseases (Campbell 217).
Globalization of these "neoliberal" policies also changed the way labor patterns work, making other industries be able to set up anywhere in the world ti try and grow, especially developing countries. Due to this, they often hired women because they believed that they should be paid less. As a result of more women being hired, the "feminization of labor" is believed to be happening in the world right now(Campbell 229).
In 2000, the UN reported that there was an "increased awareness" for the need to educate women. The only problem with this is it seems there is a slight unwillingness to do so, or outside forces preventing them do. An example of this is rural families not wanting to send their daughters to school to do them being needed around the house(Campbell 240).
Chapter 9 Thesis:
The advent of ICT's and the internet has made us more connected as to the world as a whole and intelligent however these technologies are not reachable by everyone.
Chapter 9 Evidence:
The web has grown since Berners-Lee posted the first webpage in 1991. The growth was rapid, with "16 million internet users" existed within 1995, and this number has "doubled" each year, up to a total "1588 million" by March 2009. From this growth, the internet has been able to facilitate and develop a variety of social and political networks(Campbell 265-266).
With the creation of "Web2.0" in 2004 being able to create a number of new web applications, the advent of wikis and usage of collective intelligence has been beneficial for its users. Due to how timely Wikipedia articles can be, they can be quite accurate, only having about "4 inaccuracies" on an article while the Britannica only has about 3. These articles are some of the "richest sources of information" on the internet, and only benefit the users(Campbell 267-268).
Governments can cause quite an issue with the internet, sometimes outright censoring some websites from its citizens, causing a "digital divide". These websites that are blocked often times have religious or political messages that the government does not want its citizens to know about. China is known to have "one of the most extensive internet monitoring" in the world, spending millions of dollars to block users to information(Campbell 274).
Question: What else can the internet do, besides social media, to try and increase awareness of issues such as gender wage gap and internet censorship.
Chapter 8: Globalization’s effect on people differs between men and women, the result is preferable/more rewarding opportunities not being as abundant or accessible to women.
ReplyDeletePrograms that imposed neoliberal policies lead to increased rates of poverty for women, “This in turn led to an increase in poverty-related issues, including vulnerably to diseases and involvement in survival sex.” (Campbell, 217)
“In many Western countries, women have played more of a role in the formal workforce, though they have historically been relegated to the “caring professions,”such as teaching, nursing, and social work. ” (Campbell, 219) Which don’t match the “rational man” way of thinking since these are lower paying jobs, but the ones most accessible to women.
“globalization and neoliberal economic policies have changed labor patterns, integrating economies around the world and allowing for more foreign-owned industries to emerge in developing countries. These industries often provide low-wage, precarious jobs, primarily hiring women because they can be paid less.” (Campbell, 229)
Chapter 9: Technology has impacted the world in a way that transforms how humans interact completely, but still leaves some places in a “digital divide.”
“The 1999 HumanDevelopment Report pointed out that the World Wide Web not only connects but also excludes, providing the connected with ever greater advantages.” (Campbell, 172) Greater advantages because of access to the internet is one of the effects the “digital divide” has.
“In all societies, education and income level are the primary factors determining Internet use.” (Campbell, 172) This creates a divide and greater advantages for higher class people who can afford access to the internet.
“Government censorship of websites can also be considered a digital divide of sorts in that it keeps information out of the hands of its citizenry.” (Campbell, 174) In North Korea they have a digital divide because of the high restrictions put on internet access by the government.
Should there be mandatory world wide notifications based on current issues taking place that concern everyone/the globe? ( Global warming for example )
Chapter 8
ReplyDeleteThesis: Women around the world have not benefited the same way men have from the globalization of the world.
Evidence:
It’s really important to examine “gender norms [because they have] such power over us, then, that the violation of them can evoke intense emotional responses, including revulsion and disgust” (216). These gender norms have laid a path that women and men are supposed to follow and if an individual steps outside the line they can be criticized by peers. It is 2019 and some societies are growing better at addresses these gender norms but they still have a huge affect on how genders are raised, and what is expected from them.
“Women are often the poorest of the poor because their societies do not offer them any viable opportunities to emerge from poverty” (228). This quote really stood out to me because in my poverty class last semester we discussed how in the US women with children are the most prevalent group in poverty. These women usually have children and no other support but their own and it can be extremely hard to get out of this poverty hole.
“Nowhere in the world does women and girls enjoy the same level of rights protections as their male counterparts” (234). I think this is important to point out especially when it might seem as though women and girls get the same rights but because of gender norms they can still be affected. For example, a daughter not allowed to go out at night because she's a girl but a son is allowed to go out whenever.
Chapter 9
Thesis: The extreme growth of ICT’s have allowed for a faster, wider spread of information, but have created a gap between countries and an overload of information to society.
Evidence:
“Information overload occurs when there is too much information to be able to access and use it effectively and efficiently” (255). We have so much information at the tip of our fingers it can be overwhelming and hard to become information rich, as there is so much information. We have also ran into the problem of ‘fake news’ so at times it can be hard to decide what is true or false.
We have talked a lot about globalization and “the internet is the prime example of an interconnected global network” (260). Each day we all participate in this globalized world without even acknowledging it because it is something we are so used to.
“The gap between those with and without access to digital and information technologies is often referred to as the digital divide” (272). This quote really summed up what the chapter was discussing with developed and developing countries and the rich and poor. That everyone has different access to ICTs and it doesn't always benefit everyone the same way.
Question:
ICT’s allow humans to hide behind their computers and phone so are all ICTs a good thing if we lose a part of interpersonal relationships, especially looking at romantic relationships?
Chapter 8:
ReplyDeleteThesis: There is a drastic difference in treatment of the sexes, placing women with major disadvantages.
Evidence:
1. “In short, during this period of economic crisis, male privilege was asserted as women were the first to be let go. As a result, poverty rates for women soared” (Campbell 217). Poverty affects the genders differently, as since men are thought to be the money-makers of the household, are given higher priority for jobs than women, so that during a recession, women are let go more than men. This causes issues for the women that need the income and are being fired on the grounds of being the wrong sex.
2. Sexual violence also targets females significantly more than males. “Rape and sexual violence have also become endemic in the US. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), one in six women in the United States has experienced an attempted or completed rape. In 2000, the US Justice Department estimated that a woman was raped every 90 seconds in the US” (Campbell 235). The US, along with many other countries, have not done enough to protect its female citizens.
3. Education opportunities is another large factor in the unfair treatment of the genders. Education opportunities are often discouraged or even unallowed for women, as it wouldn’t be beneficial and rather a waste of money in societies that expect women to take care of the household. In comparison, “in communities in which male offspring are responsible for providing for their parents, it is considered a good use of money to spend it on the education of boys” (Campbell 240). Because of the traditional roles expected of each of the sexes, women aren’t offered the same opportunities to learn.
Chapter 9:
ReplyDeleteThesis: The amount and way we receive information has changed so that more information spreads faster than ever.
Evidence:
1. Information overload is an effect of the rate at which information is presented to us increasing drastically. Proof of the increased information outputs are recorded in Richard Wurman’s book Information Anxiety: “For example, he reported that ‘more new information has been produced in the last 30 years than in the previous 5,000’, and that ‘a weekday edition of the New York Times contains more information than the average person was likely to come across in a lifetime in seventeenth-century England’ ” (Campbell 256). Because of the increase of information being conveyed daily to people, they have less time to process more information.
2. The internet is the main driving force for the exchange of information in modern day. Since its start, it was used to deliver messages, helping spread information much faster: “The idea was ‘to connect hypertext with the Internet and personal computers, thereby having a single information network to help CERN physicists share all the computer-stored information at the laboratory’ ”(Campbell 261). The internet has ever since grown, with more websites added constantly, and the use of search engines making finding these websites easier, making the internet a place to quickly find information from everywhere.
3. The internet can be thought of as the “global village”, a metaphor created by Marshall McLuhan. The internet allows for everyone to share and hear from others, much like a village commonplace would be like, so that everyone can have access to the same knowledge. However, the amount of information that is being transferred throughout the internet makes this metaphor not as fitting because: “the simultaneity and the shared message aspect of the village … are also eliminated from the Internet version of the village, since there are too many sources of information and conversations occurring synchronously and asynchronously all the time to keep track of even a fraction of them” (Campbell 281-282).
Question: Is the internet really “leading to the cultural homogenization of the world”, or rather a cultural hybridity?
1)
ReplyDeleteChapter 8: Many people do not associate gender with globalization. As many people may be unaware gender plays a big role in globalization and affects many things much as poverty, development of projects, and health issues.
Chapter 9: Information communication technologies (ICTs) are very important to our every day lives. It has been a long process to find ways to communicate through technology but today the world would be very different without it. It is important to know the diffrent between the internet and the web, along with know what networking through the internet means and how media connects to globalization.
2)
Chapter 8:
Gender is one of the factors as to why many people live in poverty.
Gender also affects globalization in the aspects of developing products.
A lack of health and forced health choices are a problem in gender globalization.
Chapter 9:
Although many people think of the terms internet and web as the same thing they are greatly different.
What networking through internet means for people is very different all over the world.
Media is a big part of connecting individuals to globalization.
3)
Chapter 8
“Men who exhibit weakness or who perform an activity poorly are still ridiculed for behaving ‘like a girl.’ Moreover, men who choose to wear clothes associated with femininity, such as dresses, are likely to have difficulty not only finding employment but also, in certain areas, walking down the street without being verbally or even physically assaulted”(Campbell 216). Many times people are not assessed by the skills they carry or can perform but by the way they look. Most employers do mainly care about what you can do rather then how you will make their company look, so if you look out of the norm you will make the company look bad result they will lose investments. This is why if you look out of the norm you are more likely to be rejected the job, as a result, you will have no money which is why a lot of people are in poverty.
“Both the local men and the development specialists had assumed that the women of the village would take care of the trees. However, the women preferred softwood trees because they grow much more quickly than hardwood trees and can be used for things like firewood for cooking. Because the women saw no value in the hardwood trees, they did not take care of them. Failure to take into account gender-specific roles and needs resulted in the project’s failure”( Campbell 221). It is often found that men and women have different ideas about how things should be run. Society has genderized what men and women should do such as men doing the “hard work” and women doing the “easy work” such as maintaining the growth of trees. It is also known that men get a say in how things should be run, so since men think hardwood is better that's what was planted. What men often forget is that woman is strong enough to stand up for themselves, so even though hardwood was planted and the woman is expected to maintain the plants doesn't mean they will because they don't agree with the decision. This is where developing projects are affected by gender because instead of all coming together to make a plan one gender makes the decisions the other gender doesn't agree with the decisions and refuses to keep up their end of the deal this leads to no product and failure of the project.
ReplyDelete“According to a 2008 report in the Washington Post, somewhere in the world a woman dies every minute as a result of childbirth. In addition, many women die because they have too many children, too often, too early, or too late. Another issue that poses serious health consequences for women is female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C)” (Campbell 243). Women all over the world die to create life. Many reasons are because they do not have the proper doctors and resources they need to maintain a healthy status. Also, many women are forced to get unwanted surgeries by family members because of their religion. This is a violation of their human rights if women are not consenting to these surgeries they should not be allowed to be performed.
Chapter 9:
“One way of thinking about the distinction between the Internet and the web is that the Internet can and did exist without the web, whereas the “Web requires the Internet as its transport mechanism” (Campbell 262). Contrary to what many think the internet and the web are very different, there would be no web if there was no internet. Also, the internet is information gathered from many different computers using radio links. The web is information published by people and can be altered.
“The Internet is the prime example of an interconnected global network. As a result of widespread access to the Internet in many parts of the world today, many people take it for granted that information can circle the globe almost instantaneously via electronic networks, which allow communication to transcend the traditional limitations of space and time”(Campbell 260). Although technology is second nature to many of us, we don't realize what it is like for people in different countries who don't have access to technology like we do. It is very hard to keep up to date with that is going on around you without technology to guild you.
“The idea is that the more people are exposed to various points of view by going online or by watching/listening to a variety of television and radio programs, the less susceptible they will be to nationalistic propaganda and oppressive governmental control”(Campbell 282). The internet is the main source of how people get their information these days. Most people don't read newspapers and very few even watch the news on tv, most people get all their information online. This is where you can find news articles, watch news clips, and keep in close contact with people all over the globe.
4)
We as a society have developmentally come so fair in how we can communicate through technology. Do you think there is room to expand on how we can communicate through technology if so how?
Well blogged, HRR team!
ReplyDeleteAll posts below this line = C/LATE.
Dr. Rob
Chapter 8:
ReplyDeleteThesis- Although always discussed in a neutral and ungendered concept, it really does effect men and women differently. Globalization when being addressed, needs to be more cautious in the means that if effects men and women differently, with some of which are controversial topics, like education and labor.
"However, across cultures, masculinity and femininity are defined in opposition to each other. Characteristics that are defined as masculine tend to be highly valued in societies, while character deemed feminine are often denigrated. In many cultures, human characteristics like strength, courage, independence, stoicism, confidence, and leadership are associated with masculinity, while weakness, timidity, dependence, emotionalism, and insecurity are associated with femininity." (Campbell 216)
"Studies indicate that men and women often experience poverty differently. For example, World Bank and International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programs (SAPs), which imposed neoliberal economic policies on countries seeking to borrow money or to restructure their existing debt, led to increased rates of female poverty. This in turn led to an increase in poverty-related issues, including vulnerably to diseases and involvement in survival sex. Women were also affected differently by the fall of the Soviet Union." (Campbell 217)
"...This is particularly true of rural families, which are often reluctant to send girls to school because their labor is needed at home. They also often view educating women as a waste of money. For example, societies in which married women move in with their husbands’ families tend not to be interested in spend- ing money to educate a female child because that expenditure will not ultimately translate into benefits for the family paying for the education." (Campbell 240)
Chapter 9:
ReplyDeleteThesis- ICTs have changed the means of communication globally. Supportive by the technologies that enable images, video, data, voice and animation.
"It should be noted that pre-digital means of generating, transmitting, and archiving information can also be described as information and/or communica- tion technologies, since the term “technology,” broadly defined, refers to the development and use of tools, crafts, and techniques to solve problems and control/adapt to specific environments." (Campbell 252)
"Many consider this period to have begun in the last 20 years of the twentieth century and to have been expedited in the mid-1990s by the development and widespread use of the Internet. However, the Information Age and its related concepts – the Information Society, the Knowledge Society, and the Information Revolution – have a longer history" (Campbell 254)
"The Internet is the prime example of an interconnected global network. As a result of widespread access to the Internet in many parts of the world today, many people take it for granted that information can circle the globe almost instantaneously via electronic networks, which allow communication to transcend the traditional limitations of space and time" (Campbell 260)
How would times change if we only had half the access to ICTs that we have today? Effect on school? Social life? Would it be a norm for us if we didn't know what it was like with it?
Chapter #8:
ReplyDelete1) Women and men are affected differently by globalization and the issues associated with gender inequality can only be solved by recognizing these issues exist rather than just including women.
2)(a)Women and men do usually do not experience poverty the same, which leads
to women being stuck in the poverty cycle. “Studies that examine the relationship between women and poverty…indicate that when a female economic power is increased, families are the primary beneficiaries. As a result, many argue that the most effective way to combat poverty is to provide women with avenues for empowerment and education” (Campbell 218).
(b)Even today, not all women are afforded the same educational opportunities as men; some women are denied an education all together, some can only receive very basic education, and some are only allowed to learn certain things (i.e., not trades). “A 2000 UN report found that there had been an increased awareness among member nations of the need to educate women and girls; however, the report also noted that there is often a lack of political will, insufficient resources, and/or cultural practices that work to prevent women and girls from having access to education” (Campbell 240).
(c) Unequal power relationships between women and men, social norms, the exclusive focus on women’s reproductive roles, and the potential or actual experience of physical, sexual and emotional violence are all socio-cultural factors that affect women’s needs and access to appropriate health care. “A study on women in Botswana and Swaziland indicated that women who lacked adequate access to nutrition were 80 percent more likely to engage in survival sex and 70 percent more likely to engage in unprotected sex than women with adequate nutrition” (Campbell 242).
Chapter #9:
ReplyDelete1) Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have helped make the world more globally connected however, because not everyone has access to ICTs a “digital divide” has been created.
2)(a) ICTs help people communicate globally more efficiently and take action on
issues of importance but leaves those without access to ICTs without a voice. “We are living in the middle of a remarkable increase in our ability to share, to cooperate with one another, and to take collective action, all outside the framework of traditional organizations” (Campbell 266).
(b) ICTs allow people to obtain more information faster and easier but those without access to modern ICTs are often left without the ability to gain the same information. “The network society is creating parallel communications systems: one for those with income, education, and – literally – connections, giving plentiful information at low cost and high speed; the other for those without connections, blocked by high barriers of time, cost and uncertainty and dependent on outdated information” (Campbell 272)
(c) While “digital divides” are most often seen between developing countries and developed countries, it can also be seen within a country itself, through the use of censorship. Governments who practice censorship often block content for political, religious or social reasons. “China is particularly worth noting as it has one of the most extensive Internet monitoring and censorship programs in the world, having spend “tens of millions of dollars building what has come to be known as the ‘Great Firewall of China’” (Campbell 274).
3) What responsibility do developed countries have in assisting developing countries expand or start their own ICT programs, i.e. should this be done at the expense of cutting the amount of other aid (like aid for health or weapons development) given to them?